Survey of the history of the Iberian peninsula from ancient times through the great upheavals of the 20th Century. Topics include paleolithic settlement, the arrival of new groups (Celts, Greeks, Phoenicians), the Roman imperium, Visigothic rule, Islamic conquest and Christian reconquest, the birth and death of religious toleration, medieval kingdoms and their unification, the rise and fall of Portuguese and Spanish global empires, and the troubled 20th Century (Portugal's authoritarian regime, Franco and fascism, the Spanish Civil War), and finally, the emergence of stable democratic societies.